Annotations (20)
“The leapfrogging strategy: bypass strongly defended Japanese positions, cut them off from resupply, and let the soldiers starve. A Japanese intelligence officer said they hated it, perhaps because it offended their sense of honor. But he admitted they respected it and understood its wisdom.”— Japanese intelligence officer
Strategy & Decision Making · Operations & Execution
DUR_ENDURING
Attack weakness, bypass strength
“A mutual siege on Guadalcanal: 12 hours of the day, the Allied forces are under siege. The other 12 hours, the Japanese forces are under siege. At night, Japanese ships resupply their troops and bombard the Americans. At day, American planes control the skies and Japanese ships flee.”
Strategy & Decision Making · Operations & Execution
DUR_ENDURING
Resupply determines attrition victory
“The Japanese on New Guinea created an intentional tit-for-tat retribution cycle. When Australians asked captured Japanese soldiers why they tortured and killed prisoners, the soldier said officers ordered them to. The reasoning: create conditions so brutal that Japanese soldiers would never surrender.”
Strategy & Decision Making · Psychology & Behavior · Leadership & Management
DUR_ENDURING
Atrocities as strategic constraint tool
“The Japanese fueled warships with straight crude oil right out of the ground. They could not get refined oil or could not transport it. This fouls boilers and destroys engines. You do not use this if you think you will have a fleet next year. This is desperation.”
Operations & Execution · Strategy & Decision Making · Economics & Markets
DUR_ENDURING
Desperation visible in resource misuse
“Admiral Nimitz received letters after Tarawa. One said: You killed my son at Tarawa. Roosevelt made the executive decision to show footage of American corpses floating off the beach in theaters. He thought the American public needed a jolt. War bond sales increased. Marine Corps recruitment dropped.”
Psychology & Behavior · Leadership & Management · Culture & Society
DUR_ENDURING
Transparency increases support, decreases participation
“In 1942, the US churned out 49,445 planes. Japan churned out 8,861. 1942 is the least productive year of the war for the Americans. In 43 and 44, production numbers shoot through the moon. The Japanese would be foolish to think they are not going to be buried.”
Economics & Markets · Strategy & Decision Making · Operations & Execution
DUR_ENDURING
Will cannot overcome industrial capacity
“The Japanese launched Operation Ichi-Go in April 1944: half a million soldiers, 100,000 horses, 15,000 vehicles. Their largest offensive of the entire war. The goal was to overrun American air bases in China so B-29s could not reach Japan. By the time it ended, the Japanese lost 100,000 dead, inflicted 300,000 Chinese casualties, for little decisive gain.”
Strategy & Decision Making · Operations & Execution · Economics & Markets
DUR_ENDURING
Maximal effort, minimal strategic impact
“The Great Marianas Turkey Shoot. One American pilot said it was like shooting turkeys. Japanese aircraft losses: 346 planes. American losses: 30 planes. The Japanese had new improved aircraft, but they were flown by pilots with dozens of hours in the cockpit against Americans with hundreds of hours.”
Operations & Execution · Strategy & Decision Making
DUR_ENDURING
Experience beats equipment quality
“History is always written from the viewpoints of leaders, and increasingly war leaders do not get shot at with any consistency. Leaders make momentous decisions. It is the average soldier who has to carry them out on the ground, where there is often a vast difference between grandiose logic and what takes place on terrain.”— James Jones
Philosophy & Reasoning · History & Geopolitics · Leadership & Management
DUR_ENDURING
History written by those not in foxholes
“The natives of New Guinea were called fuzzy wuzzy angels by Australians. 32,000 were contracted as human transport chains in 1942 alone. They carried supplies up mountains, jumped rock to rock in streams with wounded men on cots. Without them, no army could survive in that terrain.”
Strategy & Decision Making · Operations & Execution · Culture & Society
DUR_ENDURING
Local knowledge is strategic resource
“Amateurs think about tactics, but professionals think about logistics. Marines fight for about 3 months without resupply on Saipan. The Japanese fight with even less. The Americans can land 8,000 troops in 20 minutes on Saipan because they have turned amphibious assault into choreographed precision. This is not sexy, but it determines who wins.”
Operations & Execution · Strategy & Decision Making · Leadership & Management
DUR_ENDURING
Victory goes to superior supply systems
“On Tarawa, Marines had to wade 700 yards through chest-deep water under machine-gun fire. The coral reef was too shallow for landing craft. As the ramps came down, one boat disappeared like a steel girder hitting concrete. A second boat vanished. The Japanese had the exact range.”
Operations & Execution · Leadership & Management
DUR_CONTEXTUAL
Reconnaissance failure equals carnage
“Every day has a special, bright, delicious, poignant taste when you know you are going to die somewhere soon. Normal days in normal times do not have that. Some men like to live like that all the time. Some are actually sorry to come home and see it end. The civilian people never understand.”— James Jones
Psychology & Behavior · Philosophy & Reasoning
DUR_ENDURING
Mortality proximity heightens sensory life
“The Japanese training method: new recruits in China were forced to practice bayoneting prisoners. Stab him they would order. The platoon leader would demonstrate, hitting the mans skull and knocking him into a pit. Then all rushed over and stabbed. One soldier who refused was beaten. This creates a different kind of soldier.”— Ogawa Matsutsugu
Psychology & Behavior · Leadership & Management · Culture & Society
DUR_ENDURING
Training creates psychological transformation
“The false crest phenomenon broke soldiers spirits. You climb straight up a mountain for hours, fighting terrain as much as enemy. You finally reach what looks like the top, embrace the man next to you in relief. Then you look over the horizon and see more mountains, identical, as far as the eye can see. Men broke down in tears.”
Psychology & Behavior · Operations & Execution
DUR_ENDURING
Repeated setbacks destroy morale geometrically
“What annoyed troops was public innocence about bizarre damage suffered by the human body in modern war. You would not expect soldiers to be hurt or killed by being struck by parts of their friends bodies, violently detached. If you asked a wounded soldier what hit him, you would hardly be ready for the answer.”— Paul Fussell
Psychology & Behavior · Culture & Society · History & Geopolitics
DUR_ENDURING
Reality sanitized for public consumption
“During WWII, more than 800,000 men were classified 4-F due to psychiatric reasons. Despite this, Americas armed forces lost an additional 504,000 men from the fighting effort because of psychiatric collapse. Enough to man 50 divisions. At one point, psychiatric casualties were being discharged faster than new recruits were being drafted in.”— Lt. Col. Dave Grossman
Psychology & Behavior · Leadership & Management
DUR_ENDURING
Psychological attrition exceeds physical
“On New Georgia, 24% of American casualties were friendly fire. One out of every four Americans shot were shot by their own people. The jungle jitters made everyone trigger-happy. Anything that moves gets shot. In the morning, you find you killed a water buffalo, a deer, a civilian, or one of your own.”
Operations & Execution · Psychology & Behavior
DUR_ENDURING
Fear plus fog equals fratricide
“On Saipan, Japanese civilians committed mass suicide. Parents threw children off 800-foot cliffs and jumped after them. Families waded into the sea to drown. One group of 100 Japanese bowed to watching Marines, stripped, bathed, donned fresh clothing, spread a flag on a rock. One man distributed hand grenades.”
Psychology & Behavior · Culture & Society · History & Geopolitics
DUR_CONTEXTUAL
Propaganda can induce mass suicide
“The Kokoda Track defense by Australian reservists was not the Spartans at Thermopylae with 300 elite troops. These were Chocos, chocolate soldiers, the ones the regulars dismissed as likely to melt under fire. The regular Australian army was on the other side of the world in North Africa.”
Leadership & Management · Psychology & Behavior · History & Geopolitics
DUR_ENDURING
Heroism from unlikely sources under duress
Frameworks (4)
Attrition Warfare Through Supply Dominance
Converting logistical superiority into battlefield victory
A framework for winning wars of attrition by systematically controlling supply lines and resupply capacity while denying the same to adversaries. Victory is determined not by tactical brilliance but by who can maintain continuous flow of reinforcements, ammunition, food, and medical supplies to front-line forces over extended periods.
Components
- Assess Logistical Asymmetries
- Establish Continuous Flow
- Interdict Enemy Supply Lines
- Exploit Accumulating Advantage
The Leapfrogging Strategy
Attacking weakness by bypassing strength
A strategic framework for advancing toward objectives by identifying and attacking vulnerable points while isolating and bypassing heavily defended strongholds. Rather than directly assaulting entrenched positions, cut off their supply lines and let attrition do the work. This conserves attacker resources while maximizing defender costs.
Components
- Map Defensive Landscape
- Identify Bypassing Routes
- Isolate Bypassed Positions
- Advance to Next Objective
Negative Incentive Loop Design
Creating self-reinforcing constraints through consequence escalation
A framework for constraining unwanted behavior by deliberately creating negative feedback loops where the consequences of the behavior make future instances more costly or dangerous. This was exemplified by Japanese officers ordering atrocities to ensure their own soldiers would never surrender, knowing they'd face the same treatment. The framework applies to any situation where you want to make certain choices unthinkable by escalating their consequences.
Components
- Identify Target Behavior
- Engineer Consequence Escalation
- Establish Feedback Visibility
- Monitor for Unintended Spillovers
Experience Accumulation Advantage
Converting practice hours into competitive moats
A framework for building insurmountable advantages through systematic accumulation of experience and expertise. Demonstrated by American pilots with hundreds of flight hours massacring Japanese pilots with dozens of hours, despite the Japanese having newer aircraft. The principle: accumulated experience compounds and creates advantages that superior equipment cannot overcome.
Components
- Establish High-Repetition Environment
- Implement Feedback and Refinement
- Deploy Experienced Personnel Against Less-Experienced Adversaries
- Protect and Rotate Experienced Personnel
Mental Models (24)
History Written by Non-Participants
Decision MakingHistory is written from the viewpoint of leaders who don't get shot at with any consistency. There's a vast difference between grandiose logic and what happens on terrain. You could fight in battles and read the history later and not recognize your campaign. Ground-level reality never makes it into books.
In Practice: James Jones on the gap between soldier experience and written history
Demonstrated by Leg-dc-001
Resource Degradation as Strategic Signal
Decision MakingWhen you see someone using resources in ways that degrade future capability, you're seeing their strategic position revealed. Japanese using unrefined crude oil in warship engines was not a choice but necessity. The decision to accept future damage for present operation signals desperation and constrained options.
In Practice: Analysis of Japanese desperation visible in resource management
Demonstrated by Leg-dc-001
Resource Commitment Without Strategic Return
EconomicsMassive resource expenditure can yield minimal strategic value when fundamental asymmetries remain unchanged. Japanese Operation Ichi-Go committed half a million soldiers and achieved little because it didn't address underlying production and logistics disadvantages. Don't confuse effort with effectiveness.
In Practice: Analysis of Japan's largest offensive achieving minimal strategic impact
Demonstrated by Leg-dc-001
Desperation Signals in Resource Misuse
EconomicsWhen you see resources being used in ways that destroy future capacity, you're seeing desperation. Japanese fueled warships with straight crude oil that fouls boilers and destroys engines. You don't do this if you think you'll have a fleet next year. Resource misuse reveals strategic position.
In Practice: Japanese fleet using unrefined crude oil before Battle of Philippine Sea
Demonstrated by Leg-dc-001
Production Capacity Compounds Over Time
EconomicsIn 1942 the US produced 49,445 planes versus Japan's 8,861. 1942 was America's LEAST productive year; 1943-44 production exploded. Production capacity gaps compound. Willpower cannot overcome industrial capacity differences. This is why the Japanese would be foolish to think they won't be buried. Math wins wars of attrition.
In Practice: Comparison of US-Japan production capacity and trajectory
Demonstrated by Leg-dc-001
Production Rate Differentials Compound Geometrically
MathematicsWhen one side produces 5.6x more aircraft annually (49,445 vs 8,861) and that gap is widening, the cumulative advantage grows geometrically not linearly. Year 1 gap plus Year 2 gap plus Year 3 gap equals overwhelming material superiority. Small rate differentials become insurmountable over time.
In Practice: US-Japan production comparison and trajectory analysis
Demonstrated by Leg-dc-001
Training Creates Identity Transformation
PsychologyTraining methods don't just teach skills; they fundamentally transform psychology and identity. Japanese bayonet practice on prisoners created soldiers who looked 'mean' to fresh recruits. The training experience shapes what people become capable of doing and how they see themselves.
In Practice: Discussion of Japanese training methods in China and their psychological effects
Demonstrated by Leg-dc-001
Incentive Loops Through Consequence Escalation
PsychologyYou can constrain behavior by deliberately escalating the consequences of that behavior, creating a negative feedback loop where the choice becomes unthinkable. Japanese atrocities against prisoners ensured their own soldiers would never surrender by making capture worse than death.
In Practice: Australian interrogation of Japanese soldier explaining atrocity motivation
Demonstrated by Leg-dc-001
False Summit Demoralization
PsychologyThe psychological devastation of reaching what appears to be the goal, only to discover the goal is much farther away. Repeated false summits break morale geometrically, not linearly. New Guinea soldiers would climb for hours, reach the crest in relief, then see identical mountains stretching to the horizon. Some broke down in tears.
In Practice: Description of the 'false crest phenomenon' in New Guinea mountains
Demonstrated by Leg-dc-001
Mortality Proximity Intensifies Present Experience
PsychologyWhen you know you're going to die soon, every day has a special, bright, delicious, poignant taste that normal days don't have. Some men like living like that all the time. This is why some soldiers are sorry to come home and see it end. They're dead men walking around breathing. Some never come back completely.
In Practice: James Jones describing the psychological state of frontline combat soldiers
Demonstrated by Leg-dc-001
Reality Sanitization Gap
PsychologyWhat annoyed troops was public innocence about the bizarre damage suffered by the human body in modern war. The reality is systematically sanitized for civilian consumption, creating a permanent gap between ground-level experience and public understanding. This makes soldiers' experience incommunicable.
In Practice: Paul Fussell explaining how war was sanitized in photographs and media
Demonstrated by Leg-dc-001
Psychiatric Attrition in Extreme Stress
PsychologyDuring WWII, 504,000 men were lost from the US fighting effort due to psychiatric collapse, enough to man 50 divisions. At one point psychiatric casualties were being discharged faster than recruits were being drafted. Sustained extreme stress breaks minds at scale, and this attrition can exceed physical casualties.
In Practice: Lt. Col. Dave Grossman statistics on WWII psychiatric casualties
Demonstrated by Leg-dc-001
Fear Plus Fog Equals Fratricide
PsychologyIn low-visibility, high-stress environments, fear causes catastrophic friendly fire. On New Georgia, 24% of American casualties were shot by their own people. Anything that moves gets shot. Jungle jitters made everyone trigger-happy. The combination of fear and inability to identify targets creates disaster.
In Practice: Discussion of friendly fire rates in Pacific jungle fighting
Demonstrated by Leg-dc-001
Transparency's Contradictory Effects
PsychologyRoosevelt showed footage of American corpses floating off Tarawa beaches. War bond sales increased. Marine recruitment dropped. Transparency about costs increases support from those not asked to participate while decreasing willingness to participate directly. The effects are opposite but both real.
In Practice: Public reaction to uncensored Tarawa footage
Demonstrated by Leg-dc-001
Propaganda-Induced Mass Self-Destruction
PsychologyPropaganda can induce mass suicide. On Saipan, Japanese civilians threw children off cliffs and jumped after them, or held grenades to their bellies, because they believed Americans would rape and murder them. Some mothers killed their own babies in caves on officer orders. Belief systems can override survival instinct at scale.
In Practice: Description of Saipan civilian mass suicide
Demonstrated by Leg-dc-001
Logistics Determines Victory
Strategic ThinkingAmateurs think tactics, professionals think logistics. In wars of attrition, the side that can continuously supply, reinforce, and resupply their forces wins, regardless of tactical brilliance. This applies beyond military to any sustained competitive effort.
In Practice: General Robert Barrow quote and Guadalcanal/Marianas supply dynamics
Demonstrated by Leg-dc-001
Strategic Constraint Through Escalated Consequences
Strategic ThinkingOne way to prevent specific behaviors is to make the consequences of those behaviors worse than the cost of avoiding them. This creates a self-reinforcing constraint where the behavior becomes strategically impossible even if tactically available.
In Practice: Discussion of Japanese strategy to prevent soldier surrender through atrocity cycles
Demonstrated by Leg-dc-001
Local Knowledge as Strategic Resource
Strategic ThinkingIndigenous knowledge provides decisive advantage in unfamiliar terrain. You want Apache scouts to fight Apaches in the Dragoon Mountains or you won't find any. The fuzzy wuzzy angels on New Guinea carried supplies and wounded that no Western army could move. Without indigenous support, armies die in place.
In Practice: Discussion of New Guinea natives' vital support role
Demonstrated by Leg-dc-001
Effort-Impact Decoupling in Constrained Systems
Strategic ThinkingWhen fundamental constraints remain unchanged, massive effort produces minimal strategic impact. Japanese Operation Ichi-Go: 500,000 soldiers, 100,000 horses, 100,000 dead Japanese for little decisive gain. Effort and results decouple when system constraints dominate.
In Practice: Description of Japan's largest offensive achieving minimal strategic effect
Demonstrated by Leg-dc-001
Experience Compounds Into Insurmountable Advantage
Strategic ThinkingAccumulated experience creates advantages superior equipment cannot overcome. American pilots with hundreds of hours massacred Japanese pilots with dozens of hours despite Japanese having newer aircraft. You'd rather have a worse plane with an experienced pilot than a kid who can barely land on a carrier.
In Practice: Great Marianas Turkey Shoot analysis
Demonstrated by Leg-dc-001
Attack Weakness, Bypass Strength
Strategic ThinkingA Japanese officer described American strategy: where the Japanese Army preferred direct assault, the Americans flowed into weaker points like water seeking the weakest entry to sink a ship. Don't assault strong positions; isolate them, cut supply lines, and let attrition work. Strategic position is relative, not absolute.
In Practice: Japanese intelligence officer explaining why they hated but respected leapfrogging
Demonstrated by Leg-dc-001
Reconnaissance Failure Multiplies Casualties
Strategic ThinkingAt Tarawa, Marines waded 700 yards under fire because faulty reconnaissance didn't disclose the coral reef was too shallow. Insufficient reconnaissance and faulty maps caused catastrophic casualties. When you don't know the terrain, every error multiplies. Geography is not optional knowledge.
In Practice: Tarawa landing disaster due to coral reef ignorance
Demonstrated by Leg-dc-001
Mutual Siege and Resupply Dominance
Strategic ThinkingOn Guadalcanal: 12 hours a day the Allies are under siege; the other 12 hours the Japanese are under siege. At night Japanese ships resupply; by day American planes rule. The side that can maintain continuous resupply wins. This is the essence of attrition warfare.
In Practice: Richard B. Frank's description of Guadalcanal as mutual siege
Demonstrated by Leg-dc-001
Accumulated Practice Hours Create Non-Linear Advantage
TimeThe difference between hundreds of hours and dozens of hours in the cockpit creates not linear but geometric advantage. American pilots with hundreds of hours massacred Japanese pilots with dozens. Experience accumulation curves are non-linear: small absolute differences in practice time create massive performance gaps.
In Practice: Great Marianas Turkey Shoot pilot experience differential
Demonstrated by Leg-dc-001
Connective Tissue (6)
Thermopylae: 300 Spartans holding mountain pass against Persian hordes
The Kokoda Track defense parallels Thermopylae in the archetype of small defending force holding terrain advantage against overwhelming numbers. But unlike Thermopylae where Spartans were elite troops, the Kokoda defenders were reservists dismissed as 'Chocos' who would melt under heat. This inversion makes the accomplishment more remarkable: ordinary soldiers exceeded all expectations under extraordinary conditions, whereas Spartans met expectations.
Comparing Australian reserve forces on Kokoda Track to famous last stands in military history
Water seeking weakest entry to sink a ship: fluid dynamics and path of least resistance
A Japanese intelligence officer described American island-hopping strategy using a water metaphor: where the Japanese Army preferred direct assault after the German fashion, the Americans flowed into weaker points and submerged them, just as water seeks the weakest entry to sink a ship. This captures the principle of exploiting system vulnerabilities through path of least resistance rather than confronting maximum strength directly.
Japanese officer explaining why they hated but respected the American leapfrogging strategy
Apache scouts in the Dragoon Mountains: indigenous knowledge as strategic resource
The observation that you want Apache scouts if you're going to fight Apaches in the Dragoon Mountains, or you won't find any. This principle applied to New Guinea where indigenous peoples provided decisive advantage through terrain knowledge, transport capability, and navigation skills. The fuzzy wuzzy angels carried wounded on cots jumping rock to rock in streams. Without indigenous support, no army could survive in that terrain. Local knowledge is a strategic resource.
Explaining the vital role of New Guinea natives in supporting Allied operations
Plane crash of hundreds: first responder perspective on war dead
Paul Fussell suggested that a better comparison for what combat soldiers saw in WWII would be what a plane crash of hundreds of people in a jet aircraft looks like if you're the first one on scene. Most people don't know what that looks like either. This comparison captures the gap between sanitized public understanding and ground-level reality by using a civilian catastrophe parallel that civilians can potentially imagine.
Explaining why soldiers felt their experience was incommunicable to civilians
Walt Whitman on US Civil War: the real war will never make it into the books
American poet and journalist Walt Whitman's observation about the Civil War became the title of a chapter in Paul Fussell's book on WWII. The phrase captures the permanent gap between historical narrative and ground-level reality. Combat troops know their experience is fundamentally incommunicable because the history is written by and for people not in foxholes. This applies beyond war to any extreme experience.
Discussing how war sanitization prevents true understanding of combat experience
Churchill's 1940 speech: we shall fight on the beaches, we shall never surrender
Churchill's famous 1940 speech when Britain faced potential German invasion included: 'We shall defend our island whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, on the landing grounds, in the fields and streets and hills. We shall never surrender.' He quipped that every Briton could take one German with them, which would eat up the whole German army. By 1944-45, the Japanese were implementing this exact playbook with bamboo spear training for civilians. The Japanese were like everyone else, only more so.
Comparing Japan's final defense preparations to Churchill's rhetoric about British defense
Key Figures (7)
James Jones
6 mentionsAmerican soldier and author
Ogawa Matsutsugu
4 mentionsJapanese soldier and author
Paul Fussell
3 mentionsAmerican Army officer and author
Robert Barrow
1 mentionsUS Marine Corps General
Dave Grossman
1 mentionsLieutenant Colonel and psychology professor
Chester Nimitz
1 mentionsUS Navy Admiral
Franklin D. Roosevelt
1 mentionsPresident of the United States
Glossary (1)
Chocos
VOCABULARYSlang for Australian reserve soldiers (chocolate soldiers), expected to melt under pressure
“The Australian regulars contemptuously called the reservists defending the Kokoda Track Chocos, short for chocolate soldiers.”
Key People (7)
Ogawa Matsutsugu
Japanese WWII soldier and author of Human Beings in Extremis on New Guinea fighting
Robert Barrow
(1922–2008)US Marine Corps General who coined: amateurs think tactics, professionals think logistics
James Jones
(1921–1977)American WWII combat veteran and author who examined war reality vs historical narrative
Paul Fussell
(1924–2012)WWII veteran and author of Wartime examining how war is sanitized for public
Dave Grossman
(1956–)Lt. Col. and West Point psychology professor who wrote On Killing
Franklin D. Roosevelt
(1882–1945)32nd US President who led America through Depression and WWII
Chester Nimitz
(1885–1966)US Navy Admiral and Pacific Fleet commander during WWII
Concepts (1)
Tit-for-tat strategy
CL_STRATEGYReciprocal action pattern where one party mirrors opponent behavior to shape future interactions
Synthesis
Dominant Themes
- Logistics and supply chains as the determining factor in wars of attrition
- The psychological cost of sustained combat and its permanent effects on soldiers
- The gap between sanitized historical narrative and ground-level combat reality
- Japanese resource constraints forcing desperation measures by late 1944
- Experience accumulation creating insurmountable competitive advantages
- The principle of attacking weakness rather than confronting strength directly
Unexpected Discoveries
- Japanese deliberately created atrocity cycles to prevent soldier surrender through consequence escalation
- 24% friendly fire rate on New Georgia due to jungle conditions and fear
- 504,000 US soldiers discharged for psychiatric reasons during WWII, more than one year's draft
- Japanese warships fueled with unrefined crude oil that destroyed engines, signaling desperation
- Water metaphor used by Japanese officer to describe American leapfrogging strategy
- Saipan civilian mass suicide witnessed by Marines with tears streaming down faces
Cross-Source Questions
- How do leapfrogging principles apply to market entry strategies in technology?
- What are the ethical boundaries of negative incentive loop design in modern organizations?
- How does experience accumulation advantage manifest in professional services?
- What parallels exist between WWII supply chain warfare and modern platform competition?
Processing Notes
This podcast episode covers mid-to-late 1944 Pacific War campaigns with extraordinary detail on ground-level combat experience and psychological warfare.
Synthesis
This podcast episode covers mid-to-late 1944 Pacific War campaigns with extraordinary detail on ground-level combat experience and psychological warfare.